It's been awhile since I've played with Terrarium, but I'll give your questions a shot...
Q: [AnimalSkin(AnimalSkinFamilyEnum.Spider)] causing compile error.
A: The enum was renamed to AnimalSkinFamily (without the Enum) a few versions ago. Try:
[AnimalSkin(AnimalSkinFamily.Spider)]
Q: Can I determine if a carnivore is one of my carnivores?
A: There is a method bool Animal.IsMySpecies(target).
Q: Can herbivores attack?
A: Yes, they can attack, but they are not as good at it as carnivores.
Q: What is the difference between BeginAttack() and BeginDefend()?
Defending reduces the amount of damage that you take. Attacking doles out damage.
http://www.windowsforms.net/Terrarium/docs/OrganismSDK/default.aspx?currentPanel=Chapter13GoingtoBattleQ: Is camoflauge always on?
A: It is, but I'm not sure sighting is based strictly on camoflauge, distance, and eyesight, or if it also depends on movement.