Thank you for your interest. No I'm not using form inheritance, and closing the design window has no effect. I have even tried reinstalling Visual Studio C# - with no helping effect either. So I think the problem - and therefore also the solution - lies in the project files. It seems like the development environment ignores all the system generated code, that creates the controls on the form. I have tried setting a breakpoint at the start of Form1.Designer.cs - just to make sure, that this code is processed - which it is.
So I'm still wondering what to do...